Actualmente se fabrican paneles con núcleo de Poliuretano, se ha decidido revolucionar la manera de fabricar paneles, y se esta
implementado el sistema de Ciclopentano en líneas de producción para mantenerse a la vanguardia de las tecnologías amigables o de bajo impacto ambiental
El ciclopentano es un hidrocarburo, utilizado como agente soplante o espumante, para la producción de espuma de poliuretano
El pentano se encuentra en forma líquida a temperatura ambiente, las propiedades, son muy similares a los hexanos y butanos.
La principal causa por la cual se obliga a cambiar el agente soplante, de 141b al ciclo pentano, es por legislaciones ambientales internacionales; el tratado está diseñado para proteger la capa de ozono, con sistemas para conservar el medio ambiente libres de HCFC (hidroclorofluorocarbonos), responsables en gran medida del agotamiento de la capa de ozono y que adicionalmente son gases con alto potencial de calentamiento global.
Fabricantes
Dados los cambios en el bienestar del ambiente, los fabricantes en el pasado debieron, primeramente, abandonar el uso del R-11 (CFC-11) como agente expansor (agente de soplado), por su alto ODP. No obstante, en la actualidad, para países en desarrollo (artículo 5 del Protocolo de Montreal) aún es permitido usar HCFCs como agentes expansores, en la obtención de la espuma rígida de poliuretano; mientras que, para los países desarrollados, sólo es válido usar como agente expansor un gas con cero ODP (ODP = 0.000), pudiendo ser un HFC, como el R-245fa, o un HC, como el ciclopentano.
Usuarios
Una buena calidad de la espuma de poliuretano, lo más importante
Dentro de los aplicadores artesanales se incluyen a los denominados “funderos”, “botelleros” y “balderos”. Sin pretender desmerecer el trabajo de los señores artesanos, se debe recalcar que, estos métodos, no permiten producir una buena espuma y, por tanto, no se obtiene un buen aislamiento térmico, ya que de esta forma no es posible controlar ninguna de las condiciones del proceso.
Entre las condiciones mencionadas, se incluyen: presión, temperatura, relación exacta de mezcla, hermeticidad y agitación. En un contraste positivo, al trabajar con máquina, todas estas condiciones sí pueden ser controladas.
En síntesis, la espuma de poliuretano obtenida con máquina es de alta calidad y no se le puede comparar con la trabajada artesanalmente, en cuanto a su capacidad de aislamiento térmico.
Un hecho poco conocido es que, en la espuma rígida de poliuretano para aislamiento térmico, 97% es agente expansor encapsulado (atrapado) en las celdas y tan sólo 3% corresponde a polímero celular.
Como se indicó antes, el PUR rígido está formado por celdas cerradas que confinan un gas. Este gas atrapado es el verdadero aislante térmico.
Poliuretano rígido como aislante térmico
En la actualidad, uno de los mejores aislantes térmicos es la espuma rígida de poliuretano. Sus propiedades la convierten en un producto único y de fácil instalación/aplicación, destacando por la baja conductividad térmica que le concede el papel. Tales propiedades repercuten en un considerable ahorro de energía durante la vida útil de la construcción donde fue instalada.
Como recomendación, un buen aislante térmico, como la espuma rígida de PUR, debe permitir el uso de unidades más pequeñas de A/C&R y la calefacción para realizar el mismo trabajo.
Se debe aclarar que el PUR rígido contribuye significativamente a la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, tanto en producción, como en transporte e instalación. Una de sus virtudes adicionales radica en su bajo peso (de la espuma PUR rígida), el cual ayuda a la reducción drástica en los costos de traslado, permitiendo, además, que su manejo e instalación sean más fáciles. Complementariamente, al reducir la carga que debe soportar la estructura, se permiten más opciones en las configuraciones del diseño de la estructura (techos más livianos y paredes más delgadas).
El aislante PUR rígido nace de la reacción química que se produce al mezclar dos componentes líquidos: un isocianato con un poliol, señalando que el poliol es el que contiene al agente expansor (gas).
El correcto almacenamiento del aislante consiste en mantener cada componente en envases herméticos, bajo sombras y libres de humedad, ya que, si el poliol permanece expuesto a la intemperie, perdería su agente expansor, provocando que, al momento de producir la espuma, ésta no crezca adecuadamente; además, al ser higroscópico gana agua, variando su composición. En el caso del isocianato, en cambio, el contacto con el aire hace que se “cure”; primero gelificándose y posteriormente formando cristales sólidos.
Con todo esto, el poliuretano rígido, como aislante térmico, también ha enfrentado abundantes cambios en su constitución. Es por ello que los fabricantes, en primera instancia, abandonaron el uso del R-11 (un CFC) como agente expansor, para dar paso al R-141b (un HCFC) y, como siguiente generación, al R-245fa (un HFC) y al ciclopentano.
En lo que respecta a los usuarios del poliuretano rígido (aislamiento térmico), que ahora está fuertemente ligado con el A/C&R, se les ha obligado a dejar del todo los métodos artesanales, para dar surgimiento al aplicador técnico utilizado en máquinas de alta presión. La razón, una sola: obtener el mejor aislamiento térmico, sin sobrepasar los índices de consumo energético permitido.
Me hace falta saber cómo se hace la mezcla del poliol y el isocianato con el ciclopentano para formar el poliuretano, además ¿en qué momento se inyecta nitrógeno?
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